phenyl acetaldehyde solution

General Material Information

Preferred name	phenyl acetaldehyde solution
Trivial Name	Phenylacetaldehyde
Short Description	phenylacetaldehyde solution
Formula	C8 H8 O
CAS Number	122-78-1
Deleted CAS Number	2170235-75-1
FEMA Number	2874
ECHA Number	204-574-5
FDA UNII	U8J5PLW9MR
Nikkaji Number	J2.494E
MDL	MFCD00006993
COE Number	116
Bio Activity Summary	External link
NMR Predictor	External link
FDA Patent	No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm	122-78-1 ; PHENYLACETALDEHYDE
Synonyms	acetaldehyde 50% in phenethyl alcohol phenyl acetaldehyde 10% in ETOH natural phenyl acetaldehyde 10% in liponate natural phenyl acetaldehyde 10% in triacetin natural phenyl acetaldehyde 25% in liponate natural phenyl acetaldehyde 50% in DEP phenyl acetaldehyde 50% in DPG phenyl acetaldehyde 50% in ethanol phenyl acetaldehyde 50% in pea phenyl acetaldehyde 85% in PEA phenyl acetaldehyde no. 50 phenylacetaldehyde 50% DPG phenylacetaldehyde 50% in DEP phenylacetaldehyde 50% in pea 2-phenylacetaldehyde 50% in pea phenylacetaldehyde 50% in PG phenylacetaldehyde 85% in PEA phenylacetaldehyde natural 50% in DEP phenylacetaldehyde natural 50% in PEA phenylacetaldehyde solution phenylacetaldehyde, natural 50% in ethanol 2-phenylacetaldehyde Benzeneacetaldehyde Acetaldehyde, phenyl- Phenylacetaldehyde Phenylacetic aldehyde α-Tolualdehyde α-Toluic aldehyde 2-Phenylethanal Phenylethanal α-Phenylacetaldehyde Phenacetaldehyde NSC 406309 Hyacinthin Benzylcarboxaldehyde

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Literature & References

	2-phenylacetaldehyde
NIST Chemistry WebBook:	Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List:	122-78-1
Pubchem (cid):	998
Pubchem (sid):	134974052
Flavornet:	122-78-1
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Publications by PubMed
Room-Temperature Transition-Metal-Free One-Pot Synthesis of 3-Aryl Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via Iodo-hemiaminal Intermediate.
Identification and characterization of the aroma-impact components of thai fish sauce.
Temporal characterization of 2-phenylethanol in strongly and weakly scented genotypes of damask rose.
Severe drought stress is affecting selected primary metabolites, polyphenols, and volatile metabolites in grapevine leaves (Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir).
Contribution of Phenolic Compounds to Food Flavors: Strecker-Type Degradation of Amines and Amino Acids Produced by o- and p-Diphenols.
Constituents of essential oils from the leaf and flower of Plumeria alba grown in Nigeria.
Melissopalynological and volatile analysis of honeys from Corsican Arbutus unedo habitat.
Bees use honest floral signals as indicators of reward when visiting flowers.
Pollen diversity and volatile variability of honey from Corsican Anthyllis hermanniae L. habitat.
Whole-cell Gluconobacter oxydans biosensor for 2-phenylethanol biooxidation monitoring.
Development of spectrofluorimetric method for determination of certain aminoglycoside drugs in dosage forms and human plasma through condensation with ninhydrin and phenyl acetaldehyde.
Simultaneous determination of free and bonded forms of odor-active carbonyls in wine using a headspace solid phase microextraction strategy.
Influence of storage on volatile profiles in roasted almonds (Prunus dulcis).
Anaerobic degradation of aromatic amino acids by the hyperthermophilic archaeon Ferroglobus placidus.
Diverse functional evolution of serine decarboxylases: identification of two novel acetaldehyde synthases that uses hydrophobic amino acids as substrates.
Structures and reactivities of 2-Trityl- and 2-(Triphenylsilyl)pyrrolidine-derived enamines: evidence for negative hyperconjugation with the trityl group.
Styrene oxide isomerase of Sphingopyxis sp. Kp5.2.
Chemotaxis of Escherichia coli to norepinephrine (NE) requires conversion of NE to 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.
Characterization of volatile components and odor-active compounds in the oil of edible mushroom Boletopsis leucomelas.
Attraction of the orange mint moth and false celery leaftier moth (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to floral chemical lures.
Phosphoric acid catalyzed diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of substituted 1,3-diaminotetralins.
Substrate scope and selectivity in offspring to an enzyme subjected to directed evolution.
Metabolomic analysis of diet-induced type 2 diabetes using UPLC/MS integrated with pattern recognition approach.
Identifying inhibitory compounds in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates using an exometabolomics approach.
Ammonia and formaldehyde participate in the formation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in addition to creati(ni)ne and phenylacetaldehyde.
Circadian release of male-specific components of the greater date moth, Aphomia (Arenipses) sabella, using sequential SPME/GC/MS analysis.
Immobilization of an integral membrane protein for biotechnological phenylacetaldehyde production.
A concise formation of N-substituted 3,4-diarylpyrroles--synthesis and cytotoxic activity.
Volatile constituents of Trifolium pratense spp. nivale quantified at different growth stages, and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity.
Comparison of agitake (Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae) volatile components with characteristic odors extracted by hydrodistillation and solvent-assisted flavor evaporation.
Characteristic aroma-active compounds of floral scent in situ from Barringtonia racemosa and their dynamic emission rates.
Development of an improved phenylacetaldehyde reductase mutant by an efficient selection procedure.
Simultaneous involvement of a tungsten-containing aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and a phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase in anaerobic phenylalanine metabolism.
Evaluation of aroma differences between high-salt liquid-state fermentation and low-salt solid-state fermentation soy sauces from China.
Cloning Rosa hybrid phenylacetaldehyde synthase for the production of 2-phenylethanol in a whole cell Escherichia coli system.
Major transcriptome reprogramming underlies floral mimicry induced by the rust fungus Puccinia monoica in Boechera stricta.
Finely tuned regulation of the aromatic amine degradation pathway in Escherichia coli.
Evaluation of volatiles from Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. heterophylla using GC-olfactometry, GC-MS and GC-pulsed flame photometric detector.
Effect of amino acids on the formation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in creatinine/phenylalanine and creatinine/phenylalanine/4-oxo-2-nonenal reaction mixtures.
Characterization of aroma-active compounds in dry flower of Malva sylvestris L. by GC-MS-O analysis and OAV calculations.
Alcohol dehydrogenases from Scheffersomyces stipitis involved in the detoxification of aldehyde inhibitors derived from lignocellulosic biomass conversion.
The identification of degradation products and degradation pathway of malvidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3,5-diglucoside under microwave treatment.
Furuncular myiasis of the foot caused by the tumbu fly, Cordylobia anthropophaga: report in a medical student returning from a medical mission trip to Tanzania.
Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of 2-phenylethanol via Ehrlich pathway.
Intermediate role of Î±-keto acids in the formation of Strecker aldehydes.
Sensorially important aldehyde production from amino acids in model wine systems: impact of ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid, glutathione and sulphur dioxide.
Effect of nine plant volatiles in the field on the sex pheromones of Leguminivora glycinivorella.
Functional characterizations of one odorant binding protein and three chemosensory proteins from Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dur) (Hemiptera: Miridae) legs.
Characterization of the key odorants in pan-fried white mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus L.) by means of molecular sensory science: comparison with the raw mushroom tissue.
The smell of love in Drosophila.
Variability in the essential-oil composition of Sideritis scardica GRISEB. from native Bulgarian populations.
Characteristic chemical components of the essential oil from white kwao krua (Pueraria mirifica).
Characterization of the aroma signature of styrian pumpkin seed oil ( Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo var. Styriaca) by molecular sensory science.
Identification of aroma active compounds of cereal coffee brew and its roasted ingredients.
Retention models and interaction mechanisms of acetone and other carbonyl-containing molecules with amylose tris[(S)-Î±-methylbenzylcarbamate] sorbent.
Strecker-type degradation of phenylalanine initiated by 4-oxo-2-alkenals in comparison to that initiated by 2,4-alkadienals, 4,5-epoxy-2-alkenals, or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal.
Mechanisms and transition states of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of phenyl azide with enamines: a computational analysis.
Use of scented sugar bait stations to track mosquito-borne arbovirus transmission in California.
Comparative formation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in creatinine/phenylalanine and creatinine/phenylalanine/4-oxo-2-nonenal reaction mixtures.
Guatemalan potato moth Tecia solanivora distinguish odour profiles from qualitatively different potatoes Solanum tuberosum L.
A quantitative approach to nucleophilic organocatalysis.
Impact of different distribution scenarios and recommended storage conditions on flavor related quality attributes in ripening fresh tomatoes.
Identification of white campion (Silene latifolia) guaiacol O-methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of veratrole, a key volatile for pollinator attraction.
Volatile constituents of roasted tigernut oil (Cyperus esculentus L.).
Interaction of acetic acid and phenylacetaldehyde as attractants for trapping pest species of moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Functional characterization of SlscADH1, a fruit-ripening-associated short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase of tomato.
Production of aromatic compounds by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli with an expanded shikimate pathway.
Analysis and optimization of a synthetic milkweed floral attractant for mosquitoes.
New insights into the formation of aroma-active strecker aldehydes from 3-oxazolines as transient intermediates.
Headspace analysis of Italian and New Zealand parmesan cheeses.
Chemical conversion of phenylethylamine into phenylacetaldehyde by carbonyl-amine reactions in model systems.
Scalable synthesis of enantiomerically pure bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene ligands.
Antennal lobe processing correlates to moth olfactory behavior.
Styrene oxide isomerase of Rhodococcus opacus 1CP, a highly stable and considerably active enzyme.
The NAMPT inhibitor FK866 reverts the damage in spinal cord injury.
Characterization of the key aroma compounds in rape honey by means of the molecular sensory science concept.
Aroma chemical composition of red wines from different price categories and its relationship to quality.
Functional characterization of aromatic amino acid aminotransferase involved in 2-phenylethanol biosynthesis in isolated rose petal protoplasts.
Engineering of a tyrosol-producing pathway, utilizing simple sugar and the central metabolic tyrosine, in Escherichia coli.
Characterization of the volatile profile of thistle honey using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Isolation and characterization of styrene metabolism genes from styrene-assimilating soil bacteria Rhodococcus sp. ST-5 and ST-10.
An olfactory receptor for food-derived odours promotes male courtship in Drosophila.
Effect of oxygen on volatile and sensory characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon during secondary shelf life.
Strecker aldehydes and Î±-keto acids, produced by carbonyl-amine reactions, contribute to the formation of acrylamide.
Enhanced biotransformation of 2-phenylethanol with ethanol oxidation in a solid-liquid two-phase system by active dry yeast.
Oleuropein aglycone, an olive oil compound, ameliorates development of arthritis caused by injection of collagen type II in mice.
Molecular cloning and expression of gene encoding aromatic amino acid decarboxylase in 'Vidal blanc' grape berries.
Zea mays iRS1563: a comprehensive genome-scale metabolic reconstruction of maize metabolism.
Efficient synthesis of optically pure alcohols by asymmetric hydrogen-transfer biocatalysis: application of engineered enzymes in a 2-propanol-water medium.
Aversive learning overcomes appetitive innate responding in honeybees.
Synthesis, characterization, reactivity and catalytic activity of oxidovanadium(IV), oxidovanadium(V) and dioxidovanadium(V) complexes of benzimidazole modified ligands.
The relationship between CD86 and CD54 protein expression and cytotoxicity following stimulation with contact allergen in THP-1 cells.
Quality and aromatic sensory descriptors (mainly fresh and dry fruit character) of Spanish red wines can be predicted from their aroma-active chemical composition.
Monitoring of cocoa volatiles produced during roasting by selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS).
Food volatile compounds facilitating HII mesophase formation: solubilization and stability.
Volatile compounds of Asphodelus microcarpus Salzm. et Viv. Honey obtained by HS-SPME and USE analyzed by GC/MS.
Determination of the volatile profile of stoned table olives from different varieties by using HS-SPME and GC/IT-MS.
Role of aromatic aldehyde synthase in wounding/herbivory response and flower scent production in different Arabidopsis ecotypes.
Guanine-rich RNAs and DNAs that bind heme robustly catalyze oxygen transfer reactions.
Detection of the reaction intermediates catalyzed by a copper amine oxidase.
A new method for the determination of carbonyl compounds in wines by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry.
An easy and efficient fluorescent method for detecting aldehydes and its application in biotransformation.
Benzyl-penicillin (Penicillin G) transformation in aqueous solution at low temperature under controlled laboratory conditions.
Functional characterization of rose phenylacetaldehyde reductase (PAR), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the scent compound 2-phenylethanol.
Volatile compounds with characteristic odour in moso-bamboo stems (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex Houz. De ehaie).
Constituents of the essential oil of Suregada zanzibariensis leaves are repellent to the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae s.s.
Pheromone-based mating and aggregation in the sorghum chafer, Pachnoda interrupta.
Comparison of tomatillo and tomato volatile compounds in the headspace by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS).
Alkylpyrazines and other volatiles in cocoa liquors at pH 5 to 8, by Selected Ion Flow Tube-Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS).
Essential oil of Terminalia chebula fruits as a repellent for the indian honeybee Apis florea.
Male and female noctuid moths attracted to synthetic lures in Europe.
Characterisation of the most odour-active compounds of bone tainted dry-cured Iberian ham.
Recruits of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona pectoralis learn food odors from the nest atmosphere.
Characterization of a broad-range aldehyde dehydrogenase involved in alkane degradation in Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NG80-2.
Characterization of aroma compounds in Chinese rice wine Qu by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation and headspace solid-phase microextraction.
A kinetic model describes metabolic response to perturbations and distribution of flux control in the benzenoid network of Petunia hybrida.
Cesium promotion in styrene epoxidation on silver catalysts.
Mechanistic insights into selectivity control for heterogeneous olefin oxidation: styrene oxidation on Au(111).
Characteristic aroma-active compounds of Korean perilla (Perilla frutescens Britton) leaf.
Identification of rose phenylacetaldehyde synthase by functional complementation in yeast.
Lygus spp. (Heteroptera: Miridae) host-plant interactions with Lesquerella fendleri (Brassicaceae), a new crop in the arid southwest.
Halonium ion-assisted deiodination of styrene-based vicinal iodohydrins followed by rearrangement through phenyl migration.
Constituents of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Moringa oleifera Lam., Heliotropium indicum L. and Bidens pilosa L. from Nigeria.
Inhibition of mutagenic PhIP formation by epigallocatechin gallate via scavenging of phenylacetaldehyde.
Decoding the key aroma compounds of a Hungarian-type salami by molecular sensory science approaches.
Optimization of a phenylacetaldehyde-based attractant for common green lacewings (Chrysoperla carnea s.l.).
Screening of volatile composition of Lavandula hybrida Reverchon II honey using headspace solid-phase microextraction and ultrasonic solvent extraction.
Acyl radical reactions in fullerene chemistry: direct acylation of [60]fullerene through an efficient decatungstate-photomediated approach.
Volatile composition of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Interaction of visual and odour cues in the mushroom body of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta.
Elucidation of the biochemical pathway of 2-phenylethanol from shikimic acid using isolated protoplasts of rose flowers.
Impact of forced-aging process on madeira wine flavor.
Oxidation management of white wines using cyclic voltammetry and multivariate process monitoring.
Geographic divergence in floral morphology and scent in Linanthus dichotomus (Polemoniaceae).
Simultaneous synthesis of 2-phenylethanol and L-homophenylalanine using aromatic transaminase with yeast Ehrlich pathway.
Substrate specificity of human and yeast aldehyde dehydrogenases.
Model studies on the oxygen-induced formation of benzaldehyde from phenylacetaldehyde using pyrolysis GC-MS and FTIR.
Changes in key aroma compounds of Criollo cocoa beans during roasting.
Model studies on the degradation of phenylalanine initiated by lipid hydroperoxides and their secondary and tertiary oxidation products.
Trapping of phenylacetaldehyde as a key mechanism responsible for naringenin's inhibitory activity in mutagenic 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine formation.
Floral attractants for the female soybean looper, Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Floral scent of Canada thistle and its potential as a generic insect attractant.
Formation of alpha-dicarbonyl compounds in beer during storage of Pilsner.
Studies on the aroma of five fresh tomato cultivars and the precursors of cis- and trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenals and methional.
Analysis of volatile compounds of Iberian dry-cured loins with different intramuscular fat contents using SPME-DED.
Genetic analysis of phenylacetic acid catabolism in Arthrobacter oxydans CECT386.
Influence of lipids in the generation of phenylacetaldehyde in wort-related model systems.
The chemical characterization of the aroma of dessert and sparkling white wines (Pedro XimÃ©nez, Fino, Sauternes, and Cava) by gas chromatography-olfactometry and chemical quantitative analysis.
The mechanism for the rhodium-catalyzed decarbonylation of aldehydes: a combined experimental and theoretical study.
Enhancement of coenzyme binding by a single point mutation at the coenzyme binding domain of E. coli lactaldehyde dehydrogenase.
Aroma components of American country ham.
Genetic analyses and molecular characterization of the pathways involved in the conversion of 2-phenylethylamine and 2-phenylethanol into phenylacetic acid in Pseudomonas putida U.
Floral odors of Silene otites: their variability and attractiveness to mosquitoes.
Floral odour and reproductive isolation in two species of Silene.
Simultaneous determination of ketoacids and dicarbonyl compounds, key Maillard intermediates on the generation of aged wine aroma.
Effect of supercritical carbon dioxide decaffeination on volatile components of green teas.
Short communication: Identification of the aroma compounds responsible for the floral/rose flavor in water-soluble fractions of Manchego cheese.
Production of 2-phenylethanol in roses as the dominant floral scent compound from L-phenylalanine by two key enzymes, a PLP-dependent decarboxylase and a phenylacetaldehyde reductase.
Engineering the phenylacetaldehyde reductase mutant for improved substrate conversion in the presence of concentrated 2-propanol.
Validated spectrofluorometric methods for determination of amlodipine besylate in tablets.
Comparison of the volatile composition in thyme honeys from several origins in Greece.
Reverse genetics of floral scent: application of tobacco rattle virus-based gene silencing in Petunia.
Tomato phenylacetaldehyde reductases catalyze the last step in the synthesis of the aroma volatile 2-phenylethanol.
Flavone as PARP-1 inhibitor: its effect on lipopolysaccharide induced gene-expression.
Purification and characterization of aldehyde dehydrogenase with a broad substrate specificity originated from 2-phenylethanol-assimilating Brevibacterium sp. KU1309.
Effect of cysteine and cystine addition on sensory profile and potent odorants of extruded potato snacks.
Functional proteomic view of metabolic regulation in "Aromatoleum aromaticum" strain EbN1.
Synthesis of [60]fullerene acetals and ketals: reaction of [60]fullerene with aldehydes/ketones and alkoxides.
Continuous production of chiral 1,3-butanediol using immobilized biocatalysts in a packed bed reactor: promising biocatalysis method with an asymmetric hydrogen-transfer bioreduction.
Quantitation of selected odor-active constituents in dry fermented sausages prepared with different curing salts.
Aroma components of acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein made by partial hydrolysis of rice bran protein.
Highly efficient cyclization of o-iodobenzoates with aldehydes catalyzed by cobalt bidentate phosphine complexes: a novel entry to chiral phthalides.
Comparison of hydrodistillation and ultrasonic solvent extraction for the isolation of volatile compounds from two unifloral honeys of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Castanea sativa L.
Strecker degradation of phenylalanine initiated by 2,4-decadienal or methyl 13-oxooctadeca-9,11-dienoate in model systems.
Allergic contact dermatitis to phenylacetaldehyde: a forgotten allergen?
An assessment of the role played by some oxidation-related aldehydes in wine aroma.
Functional analysis of norcoclaurine synthase in Coptis japonica.
Naive and conditioned responses of Culex pipiens pipiens biotype molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) to flower odors.
Honeybees learn floral odors while receiving nectar from foragers within the hive.
Efficient trans-selectivity in the cyclocondensation of (S)-2-[2-(p-tolylsulfinyl)phenyl]acetaldehyde with activated dienes catalyzed by Yb(OTf)3.
Characterization of aroma-active compounds in raw and cooked pine-mushrooms (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.).
Chemical conversion of alpha-amino acids into alpha-keto acids by 4,5-epoxy-2-decenal.
Polymer supported vanadium and molybdenum complexes as potential catalysts for the oxidation and oxidative bromination of organic substrates.
Synthesis, structure, and reactions of stable oxametallacycles from styrene oxide on Ag(111).
Identification of the key aroma compounds in cocoa powder based on molecular sensory correlations.
Insect odour perception: recognition of odour components by flower foraging moths.
Difference in the volatile composition of pine-mushrooms (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) according to their grades.
Volatile composition and contribution to the aroma of spanish honeydew honeys. Identification of a new chemical marker.
Plant phenylacetaldehyde synthase is a bifunctional homotetrameric enzyme that catalyzes phenylalanine decarboxylation and oxidation.
Fragrance of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) attracts both floral herbivores and pollinators.
Characterization of E. coli tetrameric aldehyde dehydrogenases with atypical properties compared to other aldehyde dehydrogenases.
Critical aspects of the determination of pentafluorobenzyl derivatives of aldehydes by gas chromatography with electron-capture or mass spectrometric detection: Validation of an optimized strategy for the determination of oxygen-related odor-active aldehydes in wine.
Tomato aromatic amino acid decarboxylases participate in synthesis of the flavor volatiles 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylacetaldehyde.
Formation of strecker aldehydes from polyphenol-derived quinones and alpha-amino acids in a nonenzymic model system.
Formation of amines and aldehydes from parent amino acids during thermal processing of cocoa and model systems: new insights into pathways of the strecker reaction.
Synthesis, characterisation, reactivity and in vitro antiamoebic activity of hydrazone based oxovanadium(IV), oxovanadium(V) and mu-bis(oxo)bis{oxovanadium(V)} complexes.
Nursery pollination by a moth in Silene latifolia: the role of odours in eliciting antennal and behavioural responses.
Proline-catalyzed, asymmetric mannich reactions in the synthesis of a DPP-IV inhibitor.
Strecker type degradation of phenylalanine by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in model systems.
Electrophysiological and behavioral responses to chocolate volatiles in both sexes of the pyralid moths Ephestia cautella and Plodia interpunctella.
Identification of characteristic aroma-active compounds from water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica DC.).
Engineering of phenylacetaldehyde reductase for efficient substrate conversion in concentrated 2-propanol.
Photochemical release of aldehydes from alpha-acetoxy nitroveratryl ethers.
Phenylacetaldehyde oxidation by freshly prepared and cryopreserved guinea pig liver slices: the role of aldehyde oxidase.
Phenylacetaldehyde O-methyloxime: a volatile compound produced by grapefruit leaves infected with the citrus canker pathogen, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri.
Phenylacetate catabolism in Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1: a central pathway for degradation of aromatic compounds.
The FEMA GRAS assessment of phenethyl alcohol, aldehyde, acid, and related acetals and esters used as flavor ingredients.
Strecker-type degradation of phenylalanine by methyl 9,10-epoxy-13-oxo-11-octadecenoate and methyl 12,13-epoxy-9-oxo-11-octadecenoate.
Effects of styrene and its metabolites on different lung compartments of the mouse--cell proliferation and histomorphology.
Characterization of aroma compounds responsible for the rosy/floral flavor in Cheddar cheese.
Azospirillum brasilense produces the auxin-like phenylacetic acid by using the key enzyme for indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis.
Aldol additions of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to N-Cbz-amino aldehydes catalyzed by L-fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase in emulsion systems: inversion of stereoselectivity as a function of the acceptor aldehyde.
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of flower scent in Silene latifolia.
Metabolism of 2-phenylethylamine to phenylacetic acid, via the intermediate phenylacetaldehyde, by freshly prepared and cryopreserved guinea pig liver slices.
Fragile X protein functions with lgl and the par complex in flies and mice.
Further insights into the role of methional and phenylacetaldehyde in lager beer flavor stability.
Discrepancy between antennal and behavioral responses for enantiomers of alpha-pinene: electrophysiology and behavior of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera).
Enhancement of attraction to sex pheromones of Spodoptera exigua by volatile compounds produced by host plants.
Phosphaallyl complexes of Ru(II) derived from dicyclohexylvinylphosphine (DCVP).
pH-selective synthesis and structures of alkynyl, acyl, and ketonyl intermediates in anti-Markovnikov and Markovnikov hydrations of a terminal alkyne with a water-soluble iridium aqua complex in water.
Floral scent emission and pollinator attraction in two species of Gymnadenia (Orchidaceae).
Enzymatic oxidation of 2-phenylethylamine to phenylacetic acid and 2-phenylethanol with special reference to the metabolism of its intermediate phenylacetaldehyde.
Chemical composition of anther volatiles in Ranunculaceae: genera-specific profiles in Anemone, Aquilegia, Caltha, Pulsatilla, Ranunculus, and Trollius species.
EAG and behavioral responses of Helicoverpa armigera males to volatiles from poplar leaves and their combinations with sex pheromone.
Aroma compounds in sweet whey powder.
Strecker-type degradation produced by the lipid oxidation products 4,5-epoxy-2-alkenals.
Odorous products of the chlorination of phenylalanine in water: formation, evolution, and quantification.
Optimization of a chemical attractant for Epicometis (Tropinota) hirta Poda.
Metabolism of 2-phenylethylamine and phenylacetaldehyde by precision-cut guinea pig fresh liver slices.
Growth and production of volatiles by Staphylococcus carnosus in dry sausages: Influence of inoculation level and ripening time.
Gas chromatography-olfactometry and chemical quantitative study of the aroma of six premium quality spanish aged red wines.
Stereochemistry of 2-phenylethylamine oxidation catalyzed by bacterial copper amine oxidase.
Relationship between potentiometric measurements, sensorial analysis, and some substances responsible for aroma degradation of white wines.
A fermented meat model system for studies of microbial aroma formation.
Flavoring components of raw monsooned arabica coffee and their changes during radiation processing.
Antennal responses to floral scents in the butterfly Heliconius melpomene.
Characterisation of nitrilase and nitrile hydratase biocatalytic systems.
Learning, odour preference and flower foraging in moths.
Analysis of aldehydes in beer using solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
A facile asymmetric route to (-)-aphanorphine.
Electroantennographic and behavioral responses of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta to host plant headspace volatiles.
Identification and characterization of phenylpyruvate decarboxylase genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Wastewater minimization in indirect electrochemical synthesis of phenylacetaldehyde.
Construction of a bacterial biosensor for styrene.
Cloning, sequence analysis, and heterologous expression of the gene encoding a (S)-specific alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 43297.
Quantification of aroma compounds in Parmigiano Reggiano cheese by a dynamic headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique and calculation of odor activity value.
Prediction of aged red wine aroma properties from aroma chemical composition. Partial least squares regression models.
Identification of key odorants related to the typical aroma of oxidation-spoiled white wines.
Regulation of floral scent production in petunia revealed by targeted metabolomics.
[Tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives as possible Parkinson's disease-inducing substances].
Synthesis of 3-alkyl(aryl)-4-alkylidenamino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones and 3-alkyl-4-alkylamino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones as antitumor agents.
Kinetics of oxidative degradation of white wines and how they are affected by selected technological parameters.
Styrene respiratory tract toxicity and mouse lung tumors are mediated by CYP2F-generated metabolites.
Identification of aroma compounds in Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese by gas chromatography/olfactometry.
Chiral alcohol production by NADH-dependent phenylacetaldehyde reductase coupled with in situ regeneration of NADH.
Influence of a ring substituent on the tendency to form H(2)O adducts to Ag(+) complexes with phenylalanine analogues in an ion trap mass spectrometer.
Identification and quantification of aroma-active components that contribute to the distinct malty flavor of buckwheat honey.
Identification of malodorous, a wild species allele affecting tomato aroma that was aelected against during domestication.
Olfactory discrimination ability for aromatic odorants as a function of oxygen moiety.
Asymmetrical generalisation between pheromonal and floral odours in appetitive olfactory conditioning of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.).
Determination of key aroma compounds in the crumb of a three-stage sourdough rye bread by stable isotope dilution assays and sensory studies.
Chlorometabolite production by the ecologically important white rot fungus Bjerkandera adusta.
The extrusion-capture model for chromosome partitioning in bacteria.
Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of female Helicoverpa armigera to compounds identified in flowers of African marigold, Tagetes erecta.
Identification of the main odor-active compounds in musts from French and Romanian hybrids by three olfactometric methods.
The phenylacetyl-CoA catabolon: a complex catabolic unit with broad biotechnological applications.
Measurement of styrene-7,8-oxide and other oxidation products of styrene in air.
Electrophysiological responses of female Helicoverpa armigera (HÃ¼bner) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) to synthetic host odours.
Two general routes to 1,4-disubstituted-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- 1H-3-benzazepines.
Styrene oxide in blood, hemoglobin adducts, and urinary metabolites in human volunteers exposed to (13)C(8)-styrene vapors.
Cloning of the putative aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldA, gene from Streptomyces aureofaciens.
Formation of aroma-active strecker-aldehydes by a direct oxidative degradation of Amadori compounds.
A stereoselective route to polysubstituted tetrahydroquinolines by benzotriazole-promoted condensation of aliphatic aldehydes and aromatic amines
Quantitative model studies on the formation of aroma-active aldehydes and acids by strecker-type reactions.
Site-directed mutagenesis of two zinc-binding centers of the NADH-dependent phenylacetaldehyde reductase from styrene-assimilating Corynebacterium sp. strain ST-10.
Determination of monoamine oxidase activity by HPLC with fluorimetric detection.
NAD(+)-dependent (S)-specific secondary alcohol dehydrogenase involved in stereoinversion of 3-pentyn-2-ol catalyzed by Nocardia fusca AKU 2123.
Synthesis and pharmacology of site-specific cocaine abuse treatment agents: 2-substituted-6-amino-5-phenylbicyclo[2.2.2]octanes.
Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding phenylacetaldehyde reductase from styrene-assimilating Corynebacterium sp. strain ST-10.
An unusual oxygen-sensitive, iron- and zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus.
Exploring a channel to the active site of copper/topaquinone-containing phenylethylamine oxidase by chemical modification and site-specific mutagenesis.
Palladated and platinated complexes derived from phenylacetaldehyde thiosemicarbazone with cytotoxic activity in cis-DDP resistant tumor cells. Formation of DNA interstrand cross-links by these complexes.
Efficacy of tags impregnated with pheromone and acaricide for control of Amblyomma variegatum.
Towards a biocatalyst for (S)-styrene oxide production: characterization of the styrene degradation pathway of Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120.
Purification and characterization of phenylacetaldehyde reductase from a styrene-assimilating Corynebacterium strain, ST-10.
Conformationally restricted analogues of trimethoprim: 2,6-diamino-8-substituted purines as potential dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors from Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii.
Anaerobic metabolism of L-phenylalanine via benzoyl-CoA in the denitrifying bacterium Thauera aromatica.
Sequencing and functional analysis of styrene catabolism genes from Pseudomonas fluorescens ST.
Molecular characterization of PadA, a phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli.
2-phenylethylamine catabolism by Escherichia coli K-12: gene organization and expression.
Enzymology of oxidation of tropic acid to phenylacetic acid in metabolism of atropine by Pseudomonas sp. strain AT3.
"Pictet-Spengler-like" Synthesis of Tetrahydro-beta-carbolines under Hydrolytic Conditions. Direct Use of Azalactones as Phenylacetaldehyde Equivalents.
Isolation and identification of styrene-degrading Corynebacterium strains, and their styrene metabolism.
The effect of nutrient limitation on styrene metabolism in Pseudomonas putida CA-3.
Conversion of a cyanhydrin compound into S-(-)-3-phenyllactic acid by enantioselective hydrolytic activity of Pseudomonas sp. BC-18.
Styrene metabolism in Exophiala jeanselmei and involvement of a cytochrome P-450-dependent styrene monooxygenase.
Action of beta-phenylethylamine and related amines on nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmission.
Efficacy of pheromone-acaricide-impregnated tail-tag decoys for controlling the bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae), on cattle in Zimbabwe.
Cloning and characterization of styrene catabolism genes from Pseudomonas fluorescens ST.
Biotransformation of tritiated fentanyl in human liver microsomes. Monitoring metabolism using phenylacetic acid and 2-phenylethanol.
Purification, characterization, and metabolic function of tungsten-containing aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic and proteolytic archaeon Thermococcus strain ES-1.
Identification of 4-(N,N-dipropylamino)benzaldehyde as a potent, reversible inhibitor of mouse and human class I aldehyde dehydrogenase.
Chloroperoxidase-catalyzed benzylic hydroxylation.
On insect attractants from pitcher plants of the genusHeliamphora (sarraceniaceae).
Possible regulatory role for nonaromatic carbon sources in styrene degradation by Pseudomonas putida CA-3.
Ethylbenzene degradation by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CA-4.
Kairomone from dandelion,Taraxacum officinale, attractant for scarab beetleAnomala octiescostata.
Generation of electronically excited triplet species at the cellular level: a potential source of genotoxicity.
Photon emission by bacteria challenged with phenylacetaldehyde. A possible distinction between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Responses of the ticks Amblyomma hebraeum and A. variegatum to known or potential components of the aggregation-attachment pheromone. III. Aggregation.
Kinetic properties of the bovine corneal aldehyde dehydrogenase (BCP 54).
Monooxygenase activity of cytochrome c peroxidase.
Synthesis and biological activity of galactopyranoside derivatives of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin showing VP-16 (etoposide)-like activity.
Enzymatic N-methylation of phenelzine catalyzed by methyltransferases from adrenal and other tissues.
Determination of styrene-7,8-oxide in whole rat blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Identification of floral compounds fromAbelia grandiflora that stimulate upwind flight in cabbage looper moths.
Enzymatic N-methylation of phenelzine catalyzed by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase.
Bacterial degradation of styrene involving a novel flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent styrene monooxygenase.
Deuterium isotope effect of phenelzine on the inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity.
Metabolism of Styrene Oxide and 2-Phenylethanol in the Styrene-Degrading Xanthobacter Strain 124X.
Inhibition of human erythrocyte and leukocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase activities by diethylthiocarbamic acid methyl ester. An in vivo metabolite of disulfiram.
Generation of triplet carbonyl compounds during peroxidase catalysed reactions.
Schiff base formation with amino acids enhances light emission and damage induced in neutrophils by phenylacetaldehyde.
Tissue distribution of inducible aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the rat after treatment with phenobarbital or methylcholanthrene.
Fate of free radicals generated during one-electron reductions of 4-alkyl-1,4-peroxyquinols by cytochrome P-450.
Structure-mechanism relationships in hemoproteins. Oxygenations catalyzed by chloroperoxidase and horseradish peroxidase.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships among glycosidic derivatives of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin and epipodophyllotoxin, showing VM26- and VP16-213-like activities.
Generation of electronically excited states in situ. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes treated with phenylacetaldehyde.
2-Chloro-2-phenylethylamine as a mechanistic probe and active site-directed inhibitor of monoamine oxidase from bovine liver mitochondria.
Semiochemical attractants ofDiabrotica undecimpunctata howardi barber, southern corn rootworm, andDiabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).
Methodological approach to identify chemical oviposition stimulants from maize for European corn borer.
Free radical pathways in the in vitro hepatic metabolism of phenelzine.
2-Phenylethylamine catabolism by Escherichia coli K12.
Mechanism-based inhibition of dopamine beta-monooxygenase by aldehydes and amides.
Phenobarbital enhances the aldehyde dehydrogenase activity of rat hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo.
Human aldehyde dehydrogenase: kinetic identification of the isozyme for which biogenic aldehydes and acetaldehyde compete.
Isolation and identification of two antibacterial agents produced by a strain of Proteus mirabilis isolated from larvae of the screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) (Diptera: Calliphoridae).
Characterization of aldehyde dehydrogenase from HTC rat hepatoma cells.
Intraparticulate localization and some properties of a clofibrate-induced peroxisomal aldehyde dehydrogenase from rat liver.
Constituents of mandibular and Dufour's glands of an australianPolyrhachis weaver ant.
Subcellular distribution and properties of a clofibrate-induced aldehyde dehydrogenase from rat liver.
Hapten binding assay using guinea pig macrophages.
Rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. II. Isolation and characterization of four inducible isozymes.
Determination of bestatin in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
Carbon radicals in the metabolism of alkyl hydrazines.
A fluorometric method for measurement of dipeptidase activity.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-decanaldehyde adduct as an inhibitor of beef brain NADP-linked aldehyde reductase.
A chemical-modification approach to the olfactory code. Studies with a thiol-specific reagent.
[Biosynthesis of beta-phenylethanol in rose petals].
Volatile constituents of Trichothecium roseum.
Cucumber seedling indoleacetaldehyde oxidase.
[Male sex pheromones of noctuides (author's transl)].
Oxidase-peroxidase enzymes of Datura innoxia. Oxidation of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in the presence of formylphenylacetic acid ethyl ester.
Oxidase-peroxidase enzymes of Datura innoxia. Oxidation of formylphenylacetic acid ethyl ester.
The action of plasma amine oxidase on beta-haloamines. Evidence for proton abstraction in the oxidative reaction.
Chemical nature of malty flavor and aroma produced by Streptococcus lactis var. maltigenes.
Sensitization to phenylacetaldehyde.
Phenylalanine and tyrosine synthesis under primitive earth conditions.
The inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase by 2-bromo-2-phenylacetaldehyde.
The inhibition of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase by 2-bromo-2-phenylacetaldehyde.
Biosynthesis of mustard oil glucosides: conversion of phenylacetaldehyde oxime and 3-phenylpropionaldehyde oxime to glucotropaeolin and gluconasturtiin.
Phenylalanine metabolism: the production of phenylacetaldehyde by a Proteus species.
The oxidation of phenyl-acetaldehyde by plant saps.
The Mode of Oxidation of Fatty Acids with Branched Chains. II. The Fate in the Body of Hydratropic, Tropic, Atrolactic and Atropic Acids together with Phenylacetaldehyde.

Other Information

(IUPAC):	Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:	The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:	Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):	Periodic Table of the Elements
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):	View
CHEBI:	View
CHEMBL:	View
Golm Metabolome Database:	Search
Metabolomics Database:	Search
UM BBD:	Search
KEGG (GenomeNet):	C00601
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):	HMDB06236
VCF-Online:	VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider:	View

Suppliers

Advanced Biotech	Alfrebro
Aurochemicals	Axxence Aromatic
Ernesto Ventós	Lluch Essence
M&U International	Moellhausen
Natural Advantage	Penta International
PerfumersWorld	Prodasynth
R C Treatt & Co Ltd	Riverside Aromatics
Sigma-Aldrich	SRS Aromatics
TCI AMERICA	The Perfumers Apprentice
U. K. Aromatics and Chemicals	Vigon International
Alfrebro LLC/ Archer Daniels Midland Company	M&U International LLC
Penta International Corporation	SRS Aromatics Ltd
Ernesto Ventós S.A.

PhysChem Properties

Material listed in food chemical codex	Yes
Molecular weight	120.15096282959
Specific gravity	@ 25 °C
Pounds per Gallon	8.512 to 8.571
Refractive Index	1.524 to 1.528 @ 20 °C
Boiling Point	192 to 196°C @ 760 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure	0.368 mmHg @ 25 °C
Flash Point TCC Value	79.44 °C TCC
logP (o/w)	1.36
Shelf life	12 months (or longer if stored properly.)
Storage notes	Store under nitrogen.
Solubility
alcohol	Yes
dipropylene glycol	Yes
water, 3026 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)	Yes

Organoleptic Properties

Odor Type: Green
green, floral, rose, clover
Odor strength	medium , recommend smelling in a 50.00 % solution or less
Substantivity	400 hour(s) at 10.00 % in dipropylene glycol
General comment	At 50.00 % in phenethyl alcohol. green floral rose clover

Occurrences

Potential Uses

Applications	flavor and fragrance agents
Odor purposes	Acacia , Aldehydic , Blackberry , Carnation , Cherry , Cherry blossom , Crabapple blossom , Elder berry , Evergreen , Flower shop , Frangipani plumeria , Fresh and clean , Gardenia , Genet , Grapefruit , Green , Honey , Hyacinth , Jasmin , Jonquil , Lilac , Lily , Magnolia , Narcissus , Neroli , Orange , Peach , Pear , Powder , Pumpkin pie , Raspberry , Rose , Sweet pea , Tangerine , Tea green tea , Tobacco , Verbena , Wallflower
Flavoring purposes	Artichoke , Chocolate cocoa , Tea
Other purposes	Cinq fleurs forvil , Jockey club , Joy
Cosmetic purposes	Perfuming agents

Safety Information

Safety information

Preferred SDS: View
European information :
Most important hazard(s):
Xn - Harmful.
R 22 - Harmful if swallowed. R 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin. R 43 - May cause sensitisation by skin contact. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 36/37/39 - Wear suitable clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.

Hazards identification

Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
Flammable liquids (Category 4), H227 Acute toxicity, Oral (Category 4), H302 Skin irritation (Category 2), H315 Eye irritation (Category 2A), H319 Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure (Category 3), Respiratory system, H335
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram

Signal word	Warning
Hazard statement(s)
H227 - Combustible liquid H302 - Harmful if swallowed H315 - Causes skin irritation H319 - Causes serious eye irritation H335 - May cause respiratory irritation
Precautionary statement(s)
P210 - Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. — No smoking. P261 - Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. P264 - Wash skin thouroughly after handling. P270 - Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. P271 - Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. P280 - Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. P301 + P312 - IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell. P302 + P352 - IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water. P304 + P340 - IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. P305 + P351 + P338 - IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. P312 - Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. P330 - Rinse mouth. P332 + P313 - IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. P337 + P313 - IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. P362 - Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. P370 + P378 - In case of fire: Use dry sand, dry chemical or alcohol-resistant foam for extinction. P403 + P233 - Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. P403 + P235 - Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool. P405 - Store locked up. P501 - Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-guinea pig LD50 3890 mg/kg Voprosy Pitaniya. Problems of Nutrition. Vol. 33(5), Pg. 48, 1974. oral-mouse LD50 3890 mg/kg Voprosy Pitaniya. Problems of Nutrition. Vol. 33(5), Pg. 48, 1974. oral-rat LD50 1550 mg/kg Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 17, Pg. 377, 1979.
Dermal Toxicity:
skin-rabbit LD50 > 5000 mg/kg Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 17, Pg. 377, 1979.
Inhalation Toxicity:
inhalation-mouse LC50 2000 mg/m3 Toksikologicheskii Vestnik. Vol. (2), Pg. 35, 1995.

Safety in use information

Category:
flavor and fragrance agents
RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search
IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice
IFRA Critical Effect:
Dermal sensitization and systemic toxicity
	View the IFRA Standard
View IFRA Standards Library for complete information.
Please review Amendment 49 IFRA documentation for complete information.
IFRA RESTRICTION LIMITS IN THE FINISHED PRODUCT (%):
Category 1: Products applied to the lips
0.045 %
Category 2: Products applied to the axillae
0.014 %
Category 3: Products applied to the face/body using fingertips
0.27 %
Category 4: Products related to fine fragrance
0.25 %
	Category 5: Products applied to the face and body using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
Category 5A: Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
0.064 %
Category 5B: Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
0.064 %
Category 5C: Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
0.064 %
Category 5D: Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc
0.021 %
Category 6: Products with oral and lip exposure
0.15 %
	Category 7: Products applied to the hair with some hand contact
Category 7A: Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact
0.52 %
Category 7B: Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact
0.52 %
Category 8: Products with significant anogenital exposure
0.021 %
Category 9: Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off
0.49 %
	Category 10: Household care products with mostly hand contact
Category 10A: Household care excluding aerosol products (excluding aerosol/spray products)
0.49 %
Category 10B: Household aerosol/spray products
1.80 %
	Category 11: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate
Category 11A: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure
0.021 %
Category 11B: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure
0.021 %
Category 12: Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin
No Restriction
	Notes:
IFRA FLAVOR REQUIREMENTS:
Due to the possible ingestion of small amounts of fragrance ingredients from their use in products in Categories 1 and 6, materials must not only comply with IFRA Standards but must also be recognized as safe as a flavoring ingredient as defined by the IOFI Code of Practice (www.iofi.org). For more details see chapter 1 of the Guidance for the use of IFRA Standards.

Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 3
Click here to view publication 3
		average usual ppm	average maximum ppm
baked goods:		-	2.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic):		-	0.68000
beverages(alcoholic):		-	-
breakfast cereal:		-	-
cheese:		-	-
chewing gum:		1.70000	87.00000
condiments / relishes:		-	-
confectionery froastings:		-	-
egg products:		-	-
fats / oils:		-	-
fish products:		-	-
frozen dairy:		-	0.75000
fruit ices:		-	0.75000
gelatins / puddings:		-	-
granulated sugar:		-	-
gravies:		-	-
hard candy:		-	1.60000
imitation dairy:		-	-
instant coffee / tea:		-	-
jams / jellies:		-	-
meat products:		-	-
milk products:		-	-
nut products:		-	-
other grains:		-	-
poultry:		-	-
processed fruits:		-	-
processed vegetables:		-	-
reconstituted vegetables:		-	-
seasonings / flavors:		-	-
snack foods:		-	-
soft candy:		-	-
soups:		-	-
sugar substitutes:		-	-
sweet sauces:		-	-