propyl paraben

General Material Information

Preferred name	propyl paraben
Trivial Name	Propylparaben
Short Description	propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Formula	C10 H12 O3
CAS Number	94-13-3
FEMA Number	2951
ECHA Number	202-307-7
FDA UNII	Z8IX2SC1OH
Nikkaji Number	J3.943H
Beilstein Number	1103245
MDL	MFCD00002354
COE Number	678
Bio Activity Summary	External link
NMR Predictor	External link
FDA Patent	No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm	94-13-3 ; PROPYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE
Synonyms	aseptoform P bayer D 206 benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, propyl ester benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, propyl ester betacide P betacine P bonomold OP chemacide PK chemocide PK p- hydroxy propyl benzoate 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid propyl ester 4-hydroxybenzoic acid N-propyl ester 4-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester p- hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester para- hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester 4-hydroxybenzoic acid propylester 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester p- hydroxybenzoic propyl ester p- hydroxypropyl benzoate mekkings P nipagin P nipasol M nipasol P nipazol paseptol preserval P propagin propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate N- propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate propyl aseptoform propyl butex propyl chemosept propyl chemsept propyl p-hydroxybenzoate N- propyl p-hydroxybenzoate propyl para hydroxy benzoate propyl para-hydroxybenzoate N- propyl para-hydroxybenzoate propyl parabens (india) propyl parahydroxybenzoate propyl parasept propyl-p-hydroxybenzoate propyl-p-hydroxybenzoate USP/NF propylparaben N- propylparaben propylparasept protaben P solbrol P tegosept P p-Hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester Nipasol n-Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Pulvis conservans p-Hydroxybenzoic propyl ester 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester n-Propylparaben NSC 23515 NSC 8511 propyl p-oxybenzoate Paraben P Tegasept P Paratexin P Trisept P

US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / Scholar / Patents

Google Scholar	Start search
Google Books	Start search
Google Patents	Start search
Perfumer & Flavorists	Start search
EU Patents	Start search
PubMeb	Start search
NCBI	Start search

Literature & References

	propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
NIST Chemistry WebBook:	Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List:	94-13-3
Pubchem (cid):	7175
Pubchem (sid):	134970804

Publications by PubMed
Predictors and Variability of Repeat Measurements of Urinary Phenols and Parabens in a Cohort of Shanghai Women and Men.
Antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of selected food preservatives against Salmonella spp. isolated from chicken samples.
Urinary concentrations of environmental phenols in pregnant women in a pilot study of the National Children's Study.
A sensitive and robust HPLC assay with fluorescence detection for the quantification of pomalidomide in human plasma for pharmacokinetic analyses.
Simultaneous determination of some phthalate metabolites, parabens and benzophenone-3 in urine by ultra high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
A method to screen U.S. environmental biomonitoring data for race/ethnicity and income-related disparity.
Simultaneous multicomponent spectrophotometric monitoring of methyl and propyl parabens using multivariate statistical methods after their preconcentration by robust ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction.
Widespread occurrence of bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens), benzophenone type-UV filters, triclosan, and triclocarban in human urine from Athens, Greece.
Personal care product use and urinary phthalate metabolite and paraben concentrations during pregnancy among women from a fertility clinic.
Accelerated stability and bioassay of a new oral α-ketoglutarate formulation for treating cyanide poisoning.
Ampholine-functionalized hybrid organic-inorganic silica material as sorbent for solid-phase extraction of acidic and basic compounds.
Phthalates and parabens in personal care products from China: concentrations and human exposure.
Urinary paraben concentrations among pregnant women and their matching newborn infants of Korea, and the association with oxidative stress biomarkers.
Circulating serum xenoestrogens and mammographic breast density.
Occurrence of parabens in foodstuffs from China and its implications for human dietary exposure.
Hydrolytic enzymes production by Aspergillus section Nigri in presence of butylated hydroxyanisole and propyl paraben on peanut meal extract agar.
A study of parabens and bisphenol A in surface water and fish brain tissue from the Greater Pittsburgh Area.
Distribution, variability, and predictors of urinary concentrations of phenols and parabens among pregnant women in Puerto Rico.
Characteristic profiles of urinary p-hydroxybenzoic acid and its esters (parabens) in children and adults from the United States and China.
Analysis of preservatives with different polarities in beverage samples by dual-phase dual stir bar sorptive extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography.
[Determination of sixteen food additives in beverage by capillary zone electrophoresis].
Ovariectomized mouse uterotrophic assay of 36 chemicals.
A Foilized Polyethylene Pouch for the Prevention of Transmission of HIV from Mother to Child.
Occurrence and human exposure of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens), bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), and their hydrolysis products in indoor dust from the United States and three East Asian countries.
Protective role of metabolism by intestinal microflora in butyl paraben-induced toxicity in HepG2 cell cultures.
Preparation and selective recognition of a novel solid-phase microextraction fiber combined with molecularly imprinted polymers for the extraction of parabens in soy sample.
Evaluation of the occurrence and biodegradation of parabens and halogenated by-products in wastewater by accurate-mass liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS).
Synergistic effects of parabens on the induction of calbindin-D(9k) gene expression act via a progesterone receptor-mediated pathway in GH3 cells.
In vitro analyses of the effects of heparin and parabens on Candida albicans biofilms and planktonic cells.
Preparation and evaluation of molecularly imprinted microspheres for solid-phase extraction of 1,4-hydroxybenzoic acid esters in soy.
Estrogenic Activity of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Parabens Based on the Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-α Transcriptional Activation Assay (OECD TG 455).
Determination of parabens in house dust by pressurised hot water extraction followed by stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Simultaneous determination of nine UV filters and four preservatives in suncare products by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Determination of active substances in binary mixture antiparasitic veterinary formulations by HPLC.
Benzoate X receptor zinc-finger gene switches for drug-inducible regulation of transcription.
A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: aromatic and aliphatic alcohol compounds.
Monolithic capillary columns synthesized from a single phosphate-containing dimethacrylate monomer for cation-exchange chromatography of peptides and proteins.
Fast and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography analysis of cosmetic creams for hydroquinone, phenol and six preservatives.
Plasma concentrations of parabens in postmenopausal women and self-reported use of personal care products: the NOWAC postgenome study.
A new compound, jolynamine, from marine brown alga Jolyna laminarioides.
Sorption of antimicrobial agents in blow-fill-seal packs.
Urinary concentrations of parabens and serum hormone levels, semen quality parameters, and sperm DNA damage.
Regulation of the 5-HT3A receptor-mediated current by alkyl 4-hydroxybenzoates isolated from the seeds of Nelumbo nucifera.
Simultaneous quantitation of parabens, triclosan, and methyl triclosan in indoor house dust using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Food-grade antioxidants and antimicrobials to control growth and ochratoxin a production by Aspergillus section Nigri on peanut kernels.
Determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants and their metabolites in water samples by downscaled solid-phase extraction, silylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Oxidative DNA damage contributes to the toxic activity of propylparaben in mammalian cells.
Photostabilization of papaverine hydrochloride solutions.
Dissolution rate enhancement of parabens in PEG solid dispersions and its influence on the release from hydrophilic matrix tablets.
Effect of antioxidant mixtures on growth and ochratoxin a production of Aspergillus section Nigri species under different water activity conditions on peanut meal extract agar.
Combined exposures to anti-androgenic chemicals: steps towards cumulative risk assessment.
Development of a thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for determining personal care products in air.
Polymeric cation-exchange monolithic columns containing phosphoric acid functional groups for capillary liquid chromatography of peptides and proteins.
Use of a capillary tube for collecting an extraction solvent lighter than water after dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and its application in the determination of parabens in different samples by gas chromatography--flame ionization detection.
In vitro study of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) endocrine disruptor screening and testing methods- establishment of a recombinant rat androgen receptor (rrAR) binding assay.
[Determination of six p-hydroxybenzoates in fruits and jams using solid-phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography].
Degradation of parabens by Pseudomonas beteli and Burkholderia latens.
Mixture effects of endocrine disrupting compounds in vitro.
Urinary concentrations of four parabens in the U.S. population: NHANES 2005-2006.
Use of propyl paraben to control growth and ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus section Nigri species on peanut meal extract agar.
Stability of the conjugated species of environmental phenols and parabens in human serum.
Exposure to bisphenol A and other phenols in neonatal intensive care unit premature infants.
Postharvest control of peanut Aspergillus section Flavi populations by a formulation of food-grade antioxidants.
Parabens as agents for improving crocetin esters' shelf-life in aqueous saffron extracts.
Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in raw fruits by enterocin AS-48.
Analysis and quantification of parabens in cosmetic products by utilizing hollow fibre-supported liquid membrane and high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
Automated on-line column-switching HPLC-MS/MS method with peak focusing for measuring parabens, triclosan, and other environmental phenols in human milk.
Combined physico-chemical treatments based on enterocin AS-48 for inactivation of Gram-negative bacteria in soybean sprouts.
Eco-friendly methodologies for the synthesis of some aromatic esters, well-known cosmetic ingredients.
On-line pretreatment and determination of parabens in cosmetic products by combination of flow injection analysis, solid-phase extraction and micellar electrokinetic chromatography.
Effect of pharmaceuticals on thermoreversible gelation of PEO-PPO-PEO copolymers.
Genotoxic effects of environmental estrogen-like compounds in CHO-K1 cells.
Interaction of propyl paraben with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayer: a differential scanning calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance study.
Formation of halogenated by-products of parabens in chlorinated water.
Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants.
[Simultaneous determination of nine kinds of preservatives in foods by HPLC].
Antiaflatoxigenic property of food grade antioxidants under different conditions of water activity in peanut grains.
Polymer monoliths with low hydrophobicity for strong cation-exchange capillary liquid chromatography of peptides and proteins.
[Simultaneous determination of phthalates and parabens in cosmetic products by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry coupled with solid phase extraction].
Effect of propyl paraben on the dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid vesicles.
Temporal stability of the conjugated species of bisphenol A, parabens, and other environmental phenols in human urine.
HPLC analysis of generic antiretroviral drugs purchased in Rwanda.
Effect of formulation factors on in-vitro permeation of diclofenac from experimental and marketed aqueous eye drops through excised goat cornea.
Simultaneous, stability indicating, HPLC-DAD determination of guaifenesin and methyl and propyl-parabens in cough syrup.
Effect of immersion solutions containing enterocin AS-48 on Listeria monocytogenes in vegetable foods.
Contribution to the study of the chemical composition of Verticillium albo-atrum secretions in liquid media.
A stability-indicating HPLC method for medroxyprogesterone acetate in bulk drug and injection formulation.
In vitro effect of phenolic antioxidants on germination, growth and aflatoxin B accumulation by peanut Aspergillus section Flavi.
Stability indicating reversed-phase liquid chromatographic determination of metronidazole benzoate and diloxanide furoate as bulk drug and in suspension dosage form.
[In vitro susceptibility of a Staphylococcus spp. isolate to food preservatives].
Evaluation of estrogenic activities of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke condensate.
Propyl paraben induces potassium efflux in Escherichia coli.
The effects of parabens on the mechanosensitive channels of E. coli.
Development and validation of a stability indicating HPLC method for determination of lisinopril, lisinopril degradation product and parabens in the lisinopril extemporaneous formulation.
The use of colloidal microgels as a (trans)dermal drug delivery system.
Compatibility of sennoside A and B with pharmaceutical excipients.
Propyl paraben inhibits voltage-dependent sodium channels and protects cardiomyocytes from ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Effect of UV screens and preservatives on vitellogenin and choriogenin production in male medaka (Oryzias latipes).
Determination of chlorpheniramine maleate and tincture ipecac in dosage form by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
Determination of bifonazole in creams containing methyl- and propyl p-hydroxybenzoate by derivative spectrophotometric method.
Control of Aspergillus growth and aflatoxin production using antioxidants at different conditions of water activity and pH.
Potential use of antioxidants for control of growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum on whole maize grain.
Purification and characterization of PrbA, a new esterase from Enterobacter cloacae hydrolyzing the esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens).
[Determination of 4 antiseptics and 6 sunscreen agents in cosmetic products by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography].
Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system.
Intestinal absorption enhancement of the ester prodrug tenofovir disoproxil fumarate through modulation of the biochemical barrier by defined ester mixtures.
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric assay of endogenous cellular lipid peroxidation products: quantitative analysis of 9- and 10-hydroxystearic acids.
Inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by slow release of propyl paraben from a polymer coating.
Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature.
[Competitive binding of some alkyl p-hydroxybenzoates to human estrogen receptor alpha and beta].
Identification and quantification of estrogenic compounds in recycled and virgin paper for household use as determined by an in vitro yeast estrogen screen and chemical analysis.
Sensitive liquid chromatographic assay for amprenavir, a human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor, in human plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and semen.
Lack of oestrogenic effects of food preservatives (parabens) in uterotrophic assays.
Effect of Salts on the Micellization, Clouding, and Solubilization Behavior of Pluronic F127 Solutions.
Role of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition in p-hydroxybenzoate ester-induced cytotoxicity in rat hepatocytes.
A simplified and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for ketoprofen in isopropyl myristate.
Mechanism of p-hydroxybenzoate ester-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes.
Analysis of Ecteinascidin 743, a new potent marine-derived anticancer drug, in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with solid-phase extraction.
A method for preserving saliva samples at ambient temperatures.
Synthesis and characterization of pH-sensitive poly(organophosphazene) hydrogels.
Simultaneous determination of bromhexine hydrochloride and methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoate and determination of dextromethorphan hydrobromide in cough-cold syrup by high-performance liquid chromatography.
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenoxetol, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, n-propyl paraben, iso-butyl paraben, n-butyl paraben and croconazole.HCl.
The guinea pig maximization test--with a multiple dose design.
Simultaneous determination of sorbic acid, benzoic acid and parabens in foods: a new gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique adopted in a survey on Italian foods and beverages.
Separation and simultaneous determination of methyl paraben and propyl paraben in Choletec (kit for the preparation of Tc-99m mebrofenin) by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Ciliotoxicity of methyl- and propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates: a dose-response and surface-response study.
Kinetic evaluation of the ciliotoxicity of methyl- and propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates using factorial experiments.
Antioxidants in some pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food from the European market.
Prevention of bacterial colonization on polyurethane in vitro by incorporated antibacterial agent.
[Investigation, identification and dosage of local anesthetics and antihistaminics in cosmetic products].
The effect of some preservatives used in nasal preparations on the mucus and ciliary components of mucociliary clearance.
Simultaneous determination of methylprednisolone and methylprednisolone 21-[8-[methyl-(2-sulfoethyl)amino]-8-oxooctanoate] sodium salt in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
The effect of some preservatives used in nasal preparations on mucociliary clearance.
Assessment of salicylate derivatives for potential use in ulcerative colitis: proposal for a new action of 5-aminosalicylic acid?
Liquid chromatographic determination of propyl paraben in cigarette filler.
Determination of warfarin in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography.
The suitability of some preservatives in chloroquine phosphate syrup.
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of methylprednisolone and methylprednisolone 21-[8-[methyl-(2-sulfoethyl)amino]-8-oxoctanoate] sodium salt in human plasma.
HPLC determination of clenbuterol in pharmaceutical gel formulations.
Short-term pathological and proliferative effects of butylated hydroxyanisole and other phenolic antioxidants in the forestomach of Fischer 344 rats.
Properties of alkyl hydroxycinnamates and effects on Pseudomonas fluorescens.
High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoates in comminuted meats.
Topical tobramycin and gentamicin sulfate in the treatment of ocular infections: multicenter study.
Ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of a multicomponent anticholinergic drug formulation.
Spectrophotometric determination of some preservatives in milk.
Potassium hydroxide solution 10% for the fast hydrolysis of esters for analysis.
Quantitative determination of four antihistamines in combination by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
[Silicone derivatives of medicinal agents. XI. Methylsilyl derivatives of methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoate].
On the solubilization properties of surfactant-polymer complexes.
[Propyl parahydroxybenzoate. Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate].
Allergic contact dermatitis to methyl and propyl paraben.
RELATIVE STABILITY OF PERTUSSIS VACCINE PRESERVED WITH MERTHIOLATE, BENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE, OR THE PARABENS.
EFFECT OF PHENOLIC ACIDS AND ESTERS ON RESPIRATION AND REPRODUCTION OF BACTERIA IN URINE.

Other Information

(IUPAC):	Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:	The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:	Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):	Periodic Table of the Elements
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):	View
FDA Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances:	View
CHEBI:	View
CHEMBL:	View
KEGG (GenomeNet):	D01422
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):	HMDB32574
FooDB:	FDB010511
Export Tariff Code:	2918.29.7500
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status:	View
ChemSpider:	View
Wikipedia:	View
Formulations/Preparations: •usepaopp pesticide code 061203; trade names: propyl chemsept, chemacide pk. •grade: united states pharmacopeia, "food chemical codex" •trade names: aseptoform p, betacide p, betacine p, bonomold op, chemacide pk, chemocide pk, nipagin p, nipasol, nipasol m, nipasol p, nipazol, paraben, parasept, paseptol, preserval p, propagin, propyl aseptoform, propyl butex, propyl chemosept, propyl chemsept, propyl parasept, protaben p, pulvis conservans, solbrol p, and tegosept p.

Suppliers

Acme-Hardesty	Alfa Biotechnology
Anhui Haibei	Beijing Lys Chemicals
BOC Sciences	LBB Specialties
ECSA Chemicals	ExtraSynthese
Glentham Life Sciences	HallStar
Indis NV	Kingyoung Bio Technical
Kraft Chemical	Nanjing Jiancheng Chemical
Penta International	Santa Cruz Biotechnology
Shiva Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals	Sigma-Aldrich
Sinofi Food Ingredients	TCI AMERICA
TRI-K Industries	WholeChem
Zhong Ya Chemical	Penta International Corporation

PhysChem Properties

Material listed in food chemical codex	No
Molecular weight	180.20324707031
Melting Point	95 to 98°C @ 760 mm Hg
Boiling Point	294 to 295°C @ 760 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure	0.001 mmHg @ 25 °C
Flash Point TCC Value	124.44 °C TCC
logP (o/w)	3.04
Shelf life	24 months (or longer if stored properly.)
Storage notes	Store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light.
Solubility
alcohol	Yes
propylene glycol	Yes
water, 529.3 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)	Yes
water, 20964 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)	Yes
water	No

Organoleptic Properties

Odor Type: Smoky
sweet, smoky, burnt, woody, hawthorn
Luebke, William tgsc, (1998)	At 100.00 %. sweet smoky burnt woody hawthorn

Potential Uses

Applications	antimicrobial agents
Other purposes	Preservatives
Cosmetic purposes	Perfuming agents , Preservatives

Safety Information

Safety information

Preferred SDS: View

Hazards identification

Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram

Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-rabbit LDLo 6000 mg/kg Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 146, Pg. 208, 1929. oral-mouse LD50 6332 mg/kg Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Hygiene. Vol. 28, Pg. 463, 1973. intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 200 mg/kg National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD691-490
Dermal Toxicity:
subcutaneous-mouse LD50 1650 mg/kg Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 128, Pg. 135, 1960.
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined

Safety in use information

Category:
antimicrobial agents
Recommendation for propyl paraben usage levels up to:
	not for fragrance use.

Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 3
Click here to view publication 3
		average usual ppm	average maximum ppm
baked goods:		-	96.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic):		0.20000	32.00000
beverages(alcoholic):		-	-
breakfast cereal:		-	-
cheese:		-	-
chewing gum:		-	-
condiments / relishes:		-	-
confectionery froastings:		-	-
egg products:		-	-
fats / oils:		-	-
fish products:		-	-
frozen dairy:		-	30.00000
fruit ices:		-	30.00000
gelatins / puddings:		-	-
granulated sugar:		-	-
gravies:		-	-
hard candy:		-	96.00000
imitation dairy:		-	-
instant coffee / tea:		-	-
jams / jellies:		-	-
meat products:		-	-
milk products:		-	-
nut products:		-	-
other grains:		-	-
poultry:		-	-
processed fruits:		-	-
processed vegetables:		-	-
reconstituted vegetables:		-	-
seasonings / flavors:		-	-
snack foods:		-	-
soft candy:		-	-
soups:		-	-
sugar substitutes:		-	-
sweet sauces:		-	-