thimerosal

General Material Information

Preferred name	thimerosal
Trivial Name	Thimerosal
Short Description	ethyl mercurithiosalicylic acid sodium salt
Formula	C9 H9 Hg Na O2 S
CAS Number	54-64-8
Deleted CAS Number	11004-81-2
ECHA Number	200-210-4
FDA UNII	2225PI3MOV
Beilstein Number	8169555
MDL	MFCD00013062
NMR Predictor	External link
Synonyms	ethyl mercurithiosalicylic acid sodium salt sodium;(2-carboxylatophenyl)sulfanyl-ethylmercury Mercurate(1-), ethyl[2-(mercapto-κS)benzoato(2-)-κO]-, sodium (1:1) Mercury, ethyl(hydrogen o-mercaptobenzoato)-, sodium salt Mercurate(1-), ethyl[2-mercaptobenzoato(2-)-O,S]-, sodium Mercurate(1-), ethyl[2-(mercapto-κS)benzoato(2-)-κO]-, sodium Benzoic acid, 2-mercapto-, mercury complex [(o-Carboxyphenyl)thio]ethylmercury sodium salt Elicide o-(Ethylmercurithio)benzoic acid sodium salt Merfamin Merthiolate Merthiolate sodium Mertorgan SET Sodium o-(ethylmercurithio)benzoate Thimersalate Thiomersal Thiomersalate Merzonin Mercurothiolate Nosemack Sodium 2-(ethylmercurithio)benzoate Merseptyl Thiomersalat Ethylmercurithiosalicylate sodium salt Sodium merthiolate Vitaseptol NSC 4794 Elcide 73 MeSH ID: D013849

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Literature & References

	sodium;(2-carboxylatophenyl)sulfanyl-ethylmercury
NIST Chemistry WebBook:	Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List:	54-64-8
Pubchem (cid):	16684434
Pubchem (sid):	134971940

Publications by PubMed
Toxicological effects of thiomersal and ethylmercury: Inhibition of the thioredoxin system and NADP(+)-dependent dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Ethylmercury and Hg(2+) induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by human neutrophil granulocytes.
Risk factors associated with anaphylaxis and other allergic-like events following receipt of 2009 monovalent AS03-adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine in Quebec, Canada.
Milestone achievement and neurodevelopment of rural Amazonian toddlers (12 to 24 months) with different methylmercury and ethylmercury exposure.
Mechanisms of Hg species induced toxicity in cultured human astrocytes: genotoxicity and DNA-damage response.
Perinatal multiple exposure to neurotoxic (lead, methylmercury, ethylmercury, and aluminum) substances and neurodevelopment at six and 24 months of age.
Total mercury content in canine hair before and after administration of vaccines containing thiomersal.
A systematic review of validated methods to capture several rare conditions using administrative or claims data.
A case study involving allergic reactions to sulfur-containing compounds including, sulfite, taurine, acesulfame potassium and sulfonamides.
Breast-feeding and responses to infant vaccines: constitutional and environmental factors.
Hypersensitivity reactions to vaccine constituents: a case series and review of the literature.
Effect of duration of breastfeeding on neuropsychological development at 10 to 12 years of age in a cohort of healthy children.
Evaluation of thimerosal removal on immunogenicity of aluminum salts adjuvanted recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.
The most important contact sensitizers in Polish children and adolescents with atopy and chronic recurrent eczema as detected with the extended European Baseline Series.
Research into mercury exposure and health education in subsistence fish-eating communities of the Amazon basin: potential effects on public health policy.
Hair methylmercury and therapeutic monitoring.
Effects of glucan on immunosuppressive actions of mercury.
Effects of chelators on mercury, iron, and lead neurotoxicity in cortical culture.
Update on autism and childhood vaccines.
Mercury, vaccines, and autism, revisited.
Fish consumption, methylmercury and child neurodevelopment.
Mercury, vaccines, and autism: one controversy, three histories.
Inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in children <2 years of age: examination of selected adverse events reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) after thimerosal-free or thimerosal-containing vaccine.
Ethylmercury and breastfeeding as confounders in outcomes of functional programming: Where are they?
A review of Thimerosal (Merthiolate) and its ethylmercury breakdown product: specific historical considerations regarding safety and effectiveness.
Vaccines and autism: evidence does not support a causal association.
Thimerosal and vaccines--a cautionary tale.
Changes in children hair-Hg concentrations during the first 5 years: maternal, environmental and iatrogenic modifying factors.
Perinatal hepatitis B transmission and vaccination timing in a managed care cohort: assessment of the temporary delay in newborn hepatitis B vaccination due to thimerosal content.
Rapid method for detection of Salmonella in milk by surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
Analysis of acrylamide in food products by in-line preconcentration capillary zone electrophoresis.
Immuno-biochemical evaluations of phenol and thimerosal as antigen preservatives in Montenegro skin test.
Antioxidant activity of cysteine, tryptophan, and methionine residues in continuous phase beta-lactoglobulin in oil-in-water emulsions.
[Allergies in adults].
It did happen here: fear and loathing on the vaccine trail.
Determination of egg proteins in snack food and noodles.
A comparative study of the sensitivity of the 3-induction and 9-induction Buehler test procedures for assessing skin sensitisation potential.
Understanding the mercury reduction issue: the impact of mercury on the environment and human health.
Preparation of peanut butter suspension for determination of peanuts using enzyme-linked immunoassay kits.
[Mercury in vaccines].
An assessment of the impact of thimerosal on childhood neurodevelopmental disorders.
Organic mercury compounds: human exposure and its relevance to public health.
Epidemiology. Vaccine-autism link dealt blow.
Neurodevelopmental disorders after thimerosal-containing vaccines: a brief communication.
Vaccine safety policy analysis in three European countries: the case of thimerosal.
Autism, an extreme challenge to integrative medicine. Part: 1: The knowledge base.
Type IV allergy in the food processing industry: sensitization profiles in bakers, cooks and butchers.
The process of public policy formulation: the case of thimerosal in vaccines.
The three modern faces of mercury.
Predicted mercury concentrations in hair from infant immunizations: cause for concern.
An assessment of thimerosal use in childhood vaccines.
From the Food and Drug Administration.
Availability of hepatitis B vaccine that does not contain thimerosal as a preservative.
Review on the toxicity of ethylmercury, including its presence as a preservative in biological and pharmaceutical products.
Update: expanded availability of thimerosal preservative-free hepatitis B vaccine.
Mercury, infant neurodevelopment, and vaccination.
Recommendations regarding the use of vaccines that contain thimerosal as a preservative.
Limiting infant exposure to thimerosal in vaccines and other sources of mercury.
Thimerosal in vaccines: a joint statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Public Health Service.
Thimerosal in vaccines--An interim report to clinicians. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Environmental Health.
Thimerosal in vaccines: a joint statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Public Health Service.
Deleterious effect of thimerosal on the potency of inactivated poliovirus vaccine.
The thiol reagent, thimerosal, evokes Ca2+ spikes in HeLa cells by sensitizing the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor.
Comparative efficacy of contact lens disinfection solutions.
The use of yeast cultures for the detection of environmental mutagens using a fluctuation test.
Hazards to 131-I estimation in thimerosal preserved milk.
THIMEROSAL, A PRESERVATIVE FOR MILK TO BE TESTED FOR RADIOACTIVITY.

Other Information

(IUPAC):	Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:	The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:	Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):	Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI:	View
KEGG (GenomeNet):	D00864
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):	Search
Export Tariff Code:	2931.00.2700
MedlinePlusSupp:	View
ChemSpider:	View
Wikipedia:	View

Suppliers

BOC Sciences	Glentham Life Sciences
Sigma-Aldrich: Sigma

PhysChem Properties

Material listed in food chemical codex	No
Molecular weight	404.81390380859
Solubility
water, 1.146e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)	Yes

Potential Uses

Applications	preservatives
Other purposes	Preservatives
Cosmetic purposes	Preservatives

Safety Information

Safety information

Preferred SDS: View

Hazards identification

Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram

Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-man TDLo 28571 ug/kg/10 BRAIN AND COVERINGS: OTHER DEGENERATIVE CHANGES BEHAVIORAL: ANOREXIA (HUMAN BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY) Rinsho Shinkeigaku. Clinical Neurology. Vol. 6, Pg. 697, 1966. oral-man TDLo 83 mg/kg KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: "CHANGES IN TUBULES (INCLUDING ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS)" BEHAVIORAL: COMA LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. Vol. 34, Pg. 453, 1996. intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 54 mg/kg Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. Vol. 58, Pg. 235, 1962. intravenous-mouse LD50 45 mg/kg KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: "CHANGES IN TUBULES (INCLUDING ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS)" Quarterly Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. Vol. 12, Pg. 212, 1939. oral-mouse LD50 91 mg/kg Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. Vol. 58, Pg. 235, 1962. oral-rat LD50 75 mg/kg Pesticide Chemicals Official Compendium, Association of the American Pesticide Control Officials, Inc., 1966. Vol. -, Pg. 1130, 1966. unreported-rat LD50 40 mg/kg "Chemistry of Pesticides," Melnikov, N.N., New York, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 1971Vol. -, Pg. 290, 1971.
Dermal Toxicity:
subcutaneous-mouse LD50 66 mg/kg Quarterly Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. Vol. 12, Pg. 212, 1939. subcutaneous-rat LD50 98 mg/kg Clinical Toxicology. Vol. 4, Pg. 185, 1971.
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined

Safety in use information

Category:
preservatives
Recommendation for thimerosal usage levels up to:
	not for fragrance use.

Recommendation for thimerosal flavor usage levels up to:
	not for flavor use.